New Zealand’s cyber security agency said China was the country’s most persistent and capable state-backed cyber threat, as foreign actors targeted ​government agencies and organisations in sectors including health, education and information technology.

The National Cyber ‌Security Centre (NCSC), part of the New Zealand intelligence community, said it had identified activity suspected to originate from foreign state actors that put sensitive New Zealand information at risk.

It linked suspected state-sponsored cyber activity to actors from China, Russia, ​Iran and North Korea, according to its annual Cyber Threat Report released on Thursday.

“Of these ​nations the People’s Republic of China is the most persistent and capable state ⁠actor undertaking cyber activity in New Zealand,” the report said.

The assessment is the latest warning from ​a Western-aligned intelligence agency over alleged Chinese cyber espionage, which Beijing has routinely denied. It follows a report ​from New Zealand’s security agency in August that said that China was the only country New Zealand had detected conducting espionage “at scale.”

“China urges the relevant institution in New Zealand to stop spreading lies and creating conflict and to do ​more to foster mutual understanding and trust between China and New Zealand,” a Chinese foreign ministry ​spokesperson said on Thursday when asked about the report.

“China always opposes and resolutely cracks down on hacking attacks in ‌accordance with ⁠law,” the spokesperson said during a regular briefing.

The Cyber Security report said 86 of 369 cyber incidents deemed to be of potential national significance in the year to June 2026 had suspected links to state-sponsored actors. The incidents included activity targeting government agencies, health and education organisations, and IT managed-service ​providers.

The agency warned that geopolitical ​competition was increasingly ⁠playing out in the South Pacific, where it was aware of state-backed cyber espionage targeting governments and infrastructure.

New Zealand has close family, cultural, political and ​economic ties across the Pacific, and such activity could affect citizens, businesses and ​civic institutions, ⁠it said.

State-backed actors were likely to target organisations that operate infrastructure or networks, provide essential public services, or hold information that could offer a strategic advantage, the NCSC said.

It warned that cyber espionage can be ⁠difficult to​detect, with actors conducting reconnaissance and positioning access in systems ​over months or years before using it for intelligence gathering or disruption.

Long-running intrusions could lead to the compromise of operational technology ​and the loss of corporate and personal data, it said.