As governments and private investors worldwide pour billions into nuclear fusion, it’s worth remembering that Russia has been a pioneer in this field going back to the 1950s, and continues to act as a key tech incubator, AtomInfo Center head Alexander Uvarov told Sputnik.

Fusion “is a completely different type of nuclear reaction. Unlike fission, which involves splitting uranium nuclei, fusion involves the fusing of the nuclei of light elements. Fusion reactors can essentially run on water,” the expert explained.

“If realized,” the technology could revolutionize “the entire global energy landscape,” Uvarov emphasized.

The concept comes with two problems:

1.fusion reactions “occur at extremely high temperatures in the millions of degrees – similar to temperatures inside the Sun. Essentially, we’d have to build the Sun on Earth.”

2.plasma this hot lasts only for short bursts measuring in the seconds or tens of seconds, making it unclear how it can be converted into electricity – actual kilowatt-hours.

Global experiments

Work in this field includes the ITER proof of concept reactor, being built in France, ambitious startups hoping to tap into breakthrough technologies in the US and Germany, and China, which is “making significant progress” and “creating quite a strong base with the CRAFT, BEST and EAST projects.”

Russia, for its part:

is playing a “very important role” in ITER, creating, building and delivering “highly technological equipment” for the project

has scientists focusing on the energy generation problem, including the potential use of fusion reactors to produce nuclear fuel for power plants by irradiating thorium to make uranium-233

working on plans for a national Tokamak reactor, “whose launch is expected in the early 2030s.”

“Incidentally, the word Tokamak, which is now used specifically to refer to fusion plants, is an acronym of the Russian words ‘current’, ‘coil’ and ‘magnet’. When I first met American specialists as a young man, they immediately said ‘we know two Russian words: Sputnik and Tokamak. So as you see, we’re in a good position,” Uvarov summed up.